Discovery in the Theories of Evolution

Discovery in the Theories of Evolution Prologue Throughout his childhood and adult life, Siddhartha Mukherjee, physician and author of The Gene: An Ultimate History, has been troubled by his family history of mental illnesses. His two uncles, Rajesh and Jagu, have suffered from mental illness, and so does his cousin Moni. If mental illness was genetic as recent studies showed, could he be a carrier as well and pass the illness to his two daughters? If his cousins mental illness was genetic, then why had this father and sister been spared? How much of the mental illness arose from nature (i.e., genes that predisposed to mental illness) versus nurture (environmental triggers such as upheaval, discord, and trauma)? Similar unresolved questions arose in his scientific work as a cancer biologist. Many forms of cancer arise from gene mutations that occur during a persons lifetime. Should we be concerned if we have a family history of such diseases? And could we pass these diseases to our children? Genetic engineering has advanced so much that we can treat some of these diseases by using gene therapies. Imagine that if technologies were available to change our genetic codes, resulting in altered identity or sexuality or behavior. Who would control such a technology, and who would ensure their safety for our society, our children, and ourselves? This chapter chronicles the fascinating history of discovery in the theories of evolutions and heredity from early Greek philosophers to the theories developed at the end of the 19th century. It also covers the history of eugenic movements in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Key concepts covered: Darwins theory of evolution explains why species change. Mendels laws of heredity explain why species stayed the same. Eugenic movements in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were based on a faulty understanding of genetic science. They used phenotypes (physical or mental attributes) as genetic traits. Early Ideas about Heredity and Evolution Since the earliest times, human has recognized the influence of heredity and has applied its principles to improve crops and domestic animals. In around 530 BC, Pythagoras (570-495 BC), the Greek scholar, proposed one of the earliest theories to explain the similarity between parents and their children. The core of his theory was that male semen carried all the hereditary information. Once inside the womb, semen matured into a fetus via nourishment provided by the mother. A century after Pythagorass death, Aristotle (384-322 BC), A Greek philosopher, rejected the notion that heredity was carried solely in male semen. In around 350 BC, he proposed that male semen carried the instructions to build a child while female contributed the physical raw material for the fetus. The transmission of heredity was essentially the transmission of information. Aristotle was wrong in his partitioning of male and female contributions into message and material, but he had captured one of the essential truths about heredity. No new ideas were introduced in the next two millennia until the 18th century when the idea of preformation was introduced. Using microscopes, scientists imagined that they could see miniature replicas of humans inside human sperms. In 1809, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829), a French biologist, introduced the inheritance of acquired characters as a model for evolution. According to Lamarck, organisms evolve due to two forces: (1) Simple organisms emerge and then evolve to become more complex; and (2) Organisms adapt to their environments by changing their characteristics. He believed giraffes developed long necks because, over many generations, they had to keep stretching their necks to reach higher foliage. Lamarckism fell from favor after August Weismann (1834-1914), a German embryologist, performed an experiment in 1883 showing that changes from use and disuse were not heritable. In that experiment, Weismann had cut off the tails of five generations of mice, then bred the mice to find out if the babies would be tailless. But the babies were all born with their tails intact, not even marginally shorter.

Does technology ensure progress? Essay

In this essay I will argue that technology does not ensure progress. The first main concept that needs to be clarified is ‘technology’. This paper acknowledges the concept ‘technology’ as being the application of science, especially to industrial or commercial objectives. The other key concept ‘progress’ in this essay is defined as a steady improvement, as a society or civilization. I am arguing that the concept of technology does not ensure the concept of progress because there are certain technologies that have hurt society in various ways. Furthermore, not all technologies ensure progress. Scientists have created various technologies for various reasons. It is evident that not all of these technologies are for the steady improvement of a society or civilization, but rather for personal gain. If a certain technology was invented to give a farmer a greater yield of crop, but this particular technology leads to the death of an ecosystem, then it is not progress in the sense it brings steady improvement to a society or civilization because it destroys the delicate balance of life and its biodiversity. The loss of biodiversity will hurt civilization in the long run because the foundations of life depend on it. Some people may think that certain technologies are the correct path for humanity, but certain technologies can manifest into things that people do not expect and hurt society by doing so. For instance, if scientists could predict that aliens would take over the earth if they invented a spaceship that could reach them, even though the scientists had not planned on finding earth invaders; surely they would have thought otherwise. This is an extreme example that has obviously not happened, but the birth of atomic energy is an example of technology that’s intended purpose of giving houses and industries power manifested itself into a bomb for the military. Some may argue that the atomic bomb ensured progress for the American’s and allied forces, yet surely the Japanese society where the bomb was dropped during the Second World War did not find progress with this technology because it killed many innocent people and destroyed infrastructure. Certain technologies are seriously destroying the natural world. This  ultimately does not lead to the improvement of a civilization, but rather is causing it harm. If technology keeps generating harmful gases and toxic chemicals which poisons the earth, then it is of no good to civilization because humans need to earth to survive. Some readers might object to me answering that â€Å"technology does not ensure progress†. Perhaps they believe if it wasn’t for technology humans may never have succeeded in being a dominant figure on earth and we would never have evolved enough to even ask the question in the first place. There are animals that are stronger, bigger, and faster then humans and external elements that can kill humans at ease, so by humans using technology to build defensive mechanisms or shelter for warmth it has ensured human survival in a world that can be unforgiving by natural things. If my concept of technology remained the same (the application of science, especially industrial or commercial), but the concept of progress changed to (development or growth) then one could answer ‘yes’ to the question; â€Å"does technology ensure progress†. This is evident in the manufacturing sector of our society where technology has enabled humans to build factories and warehouses to ensure development and growth of economics. The same could be said by keeping the concept of technology constant, but changing the definition of progress to (movement, as towards a goal). Scientist’s movement to create technology can be motivated by achieving goals. For instance, a certain product has to be on the market by a specific due date, otherwise the project will be terminated, so by scientists using technology and ensuring they get the job done they have moved forward and reached a goal. It is apparent that there are particular technologies that can help humans build a better society by keeping us warm and ensuring food to survive. However, certain technologies have manifested through the evolution of man that have unquestionably uninsured the progress of humans because it has brought harm to civilization through destruction and death. Perhaps scientists and the general public need to think long and hard about inventing certain technologies. This is all the more difficult because nobody can predict the future and certain technologies might seem like a  great idea at the time, but turn out to be a serious danger to all life on earth. This paper by no means is an indicator of which technologies are good for the betterment of society, but hopefully it will open the dialog between people to ask the question; which technology is ensuring progress?

Antivuris Programs Essay

Today, people rely on computers to create, store, and manage critical information, many times via a home computer network. Information transmitted over networks has a higher degree of security risk than information kept in a user’s home or company premises. Thus, it is crucial that they take measures to protect their computers and data from loss, damage, and misuse resulting from computer security risks. Antivirus programs are an effective way to protect a computer against viruses. An antivirus program protects a computer against viruses by identifying and removing any computer virus found in memory, on storage media, or on incoming files. When you purchase a new computer, it often includes antivirus software. Antivirus programs work by scanning for programs that attempt to modify the boot program, the operating system, and other programs that normally are read from but not modified. In addition, many antivirus programs automatically scan files downloaded from the Web, e-mail attachments, opened files, and all types of removable media inserted in the computer (Karanos 201-205). One Technique that antivirus programs use to identify a virus is to look for virus signatures, or virus definitions, which are known specific patterns of virus code. According to Shelly and Cashman (Antivirus Programs), many vendors of antivirus programs allow registered users to update virus signature files automatically from the Web at no cost for a specified time. Updating the Antivirus program’s signature files regularly is important, because it will download any new virus definitions that have been added since the last update. Methods that guarantee a computer or network is safe from computer viruses simply do not exist. Installing, updating, and using an antivirus program, though, is an effective technique to safeguard your computer from loss.

Principles of Marketing - 2346 Words

A.Definitions Of Marketing 1. Marketing is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners and society at large.[American Marketing Association(AMA) Board Of Directors] 2. Marketing is the science and art of exploring, creating and delivering value to satisfy the needs of a target market at a profit. Marketing identifies unfulfilled needs and desires. It defines, measures and qualifies the size of the identified market and the profit potential.[Dr. Philip Kotler] 3. Marketing is traditionally the means by which an organization communicates to, connects with and engages its target audience to convey the value of and†¦show more content†¦Marketers are responsible for a 360-degree experience. For example, in the social media world, a customer’s Twitter needs may differ from her needs to â€Å"play with the brand† in terms of a social game promotion. Every customer touch point from customer service to sales to accounting and more are part of the ‘new marketing.’ Marketing is the word we use to explain how we encourage people to buy our products. If it’s going to work in a big way, there needs to be a strategy or big idea to whet peoples’ appetites for what we’re selling. When we’re marketing, we begin with a plan; objectives, strategy and tactics (how we implement strategy). It is a process that helps companies to build relationships with prospects and customers and creates unique value for them when it is done right. B.Marketing Process Marketing process is a fundamental idea of marketing that organizations survive and prosper through meeting needs and wants of customers. This important perspective is commonly known as the marketing concept. The marketing concept is about matching a company’s capabilities with customer wants. This matching process takes place in what is called a marketing environment. 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Sports Has Changed American History - 2517 Words

Everyone has played a sport in their life time. There s a wide variety of sports and it differs from person to person. Sports since the beginning as grown and escalated quickly for the centuries. Everyone has played a sport since they were a little kid. Sports might just flow with people, and some people are average, some people find sports not exciting at all. Sports has changed the world, and the history of places all around the world. In america sports has changed american history. When it comes to majority of the world when you hear college athlete it is the same thing, a person who is their only for sports and won t study at all, everybody is doing his work for him as long as he continues to win games and do well for the school. He is basically an idol for the school especially if they are a division 1 athlete. People who look at Division1 college players basically he is set for life because he is going to go big and everything will fall into place with money and life. But what happens to the players when something tragic happens to them. Such as an injury or grades. What do the players do with their money and do they lose their scholarship money. When it comes to majority of the world when you hear college athlete it is the same thing, To me it is a never ending trend because what happens is the school is playing for the top athletes to come and play at their school and help with the education portion. Sport players play for the love of the game, they are n otShow MoreRelatedBiography of Mark Zuccerburg Essay example1370 Words   |  6 PagesObama, the first African American president, transformed the field of health with his controversially 21st century â€Å"Obama Care†. Michael Phelps, legendary international swimmer, mesmerized and inspired sports with Olympic record breaking performances. While all of these powerhouse figures made a compelling mark in the areas of business, health, and sports, none have been more influential in the field of sports than phenom† Irving â€Å"Magic† Johnson. His achievements through sports in these areas’ are outstandingRead MoreLacrosse : The Game?1560 Words   |  7 Pagesbeginning of man there has always been competition. One man versus another to see who is better at what they do or the game they happen to be playing at the time. Each country has a sport that has been played for ages. America is no different. What is the oldest active sport in America? The game of Lac rosse fits that description. â€Å"It is the oldest continuously played sport in America.† (World). Since its origin in early Native American times the sport of Lacrosse has greatly changed. Today lacrosseRead MoreSports : Sports And Sports1092 Words   |  5 PagesSports fans have different reasons on why they have a passion for sports. Several fans can remember memorable events in sports history that touched their lives. Fans will laugh and cry when they watch the HBO Documentary â€Å"Sport in America† because they will hear incredible stories that will make them think about why they love sports. Sports Illustrated, Endgame entertainment, and HBO asked Americans why different games and memorable moments in sports touched their lives. Thousands of fans respondedRead MoreHbo : Sports And Sports1118 Words   |  5 PagesDocumentary â€Å"Sport in America†. Sports fans have different reasons on why they have a passion for sports. Several fans can remember memorable events in sports history that touched their lives. Fans will laugh and cry when they watch the HBO Documentary â€Å"Sport in America† because they will hear incredible stories that will make them think about why they love sports. Sports Illustrated, Endgame entertainment, and HBO asked Americans why different games and memorable moments in sports touched theirRead MoreImpact Of Sports On Society1371 Words   |  6 Pages1920’s Impact of Sports on Society The 1920’s were an important time period in America’s history. The horrors of World War one were at long last over and society was collectively ready to move on to greener pastures. Americans proceeded vigorously to make life feel more refined than before the war. From the mass production of automobiles and the automation of everything imaginable to the rebirth of African-American culture and fine arts, the world had drastically changed. One such instrument inRead MoreJackie Robinson s Impact On History And The World976 Words   |  4 PagesCendra Rodriguez Mrs. Nash English Honors-4 May 15, 2015 Jackie Robinson Do you know anyone who has impacted history and the world by playing an everyday sport? This person is Jackie Robinson. 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Native American Education Essay - 2273 Words

Children were taken away from their homes and told everything they knew was wrong. They were sent to boarding schools to change their culture. These boarding schools were run by the United States government. The governments goal was to civilize Native Americans. They sent children to these schools against their will. Native American children were educated like Americans and they had to change their native ways to be more like whites (Cayton 266). Teachers abused their students and beat their native ways out of them. They were not allowed to see their families so they would try to escape, but their attempts were unsuccessful. The United States government’s Boarding Schools of the mid-late 1800s irreparably changed Native American culture.†¦show more content†¦Crazy Horse was brutally murdered and the Sioux surrendered (â€Å"Battle†). In 1890 the government learned that the Native Americans were doing the Ghost Dance (Cayton 265). The Ghost Dance was a ritual in which people join hands and twirled in a circle (Cayton 265). When the government saw the Ghost Dance, they thought the Native Americans were crazy and trying to rebel, so they tried to arrest Sitting Bull (Cayton 265). In this conflict that came to be known as the Battle of Wounded Knee, soldiers killed Sitting Bull, 120 men, and 230 women and children (Cayton 265). These battles pushed Native Americans onto reservations and took away their basic human rights. Early Native American schooling was taught in tribes. Tribes would teach their children healing arts and specialized crafts like making shell money (Nash 173). Tribes used legends as a form of education a long time ago (Fixico 41). These stories would teach important lessons like how to live in balance with nature. Many tribes would make day schools to educate children on tribal sovereignty (Ellis). In the 1840s, the Cherokees formed a system of public schools (Perdue 64). Education in tribes was an important right of the Na tive Americans. The main goal of boarding schools was to civilize Native Americans. The federal government wanted to solve â€Å"The Indian Problem† by assimilating Native Americans into white culture and felt that educationShow MoreRelatedThe Education Of Native Americans Essay1317 Words   |  6 Pagesaccomplishment compared to that of a college degree or getting a first job. Though it is just as important to have, it is seen as basic and necessary, with 82% of public education students graduating high school during the 2013-14 year (nces.ed.gov, 2016). However, for a variety of reasons, many students drop out of high school. Native American students have the lowest high school graduation rate of any non-White group in the U.S. Granted that reasons may vary from drug issues, work, family, or just disinterestRead MoreNative American Education Essay1530 Words   |  7 PagesNative American Education Through the years minority groups have long endured repression, poverty, and discrimination. A prime example of such a group is the Native Americans. They had their own land and fundamental way of life stripped from them almost unceasingly for decades. Although they were the real â€Å"natives† of the land, they were driven off by the government and coerced to assimilate to the white man’s way. Unfortunately, the persecution of the Natives was primarily based on the prevalentRead MoreNative American Education Essay1368 Words   |  6 Pagesgroup is the Native Americans. They had their own land and basic way of life stripped from them almost constantly for decades. Although they were the actual â€Å"natives† of the land, they were forced by the government to give it up and compelled to assimilate to the white man’s way. This past scarred the Native American’s preservation of culture as many were discouraged to speak the native language and dress in traditional clothing. Because of this cultural neglect, among other things, Native Indians haveRead MoreEarly Education of Native Americans830 Words   |  3 PagesNative Americans put up a good fight in defending their homelands against foreign invaders. Unfortunately, they suffered defeat and realized they would have to adapt to a new way of life. The battle for their lands was over, but the battle for their identities would just begin. However, it would not be the hardened warriors engaging in this conflict. Instead, the young Native American children would witness first-hand the American government’s solution to the Indian problem. Boarding schools wereRead MoreNative American Education Essay907 Words   |  4 PagesThe modern American society is best defined by its education. The â€Å"American dream† is founded on going to school, getting a good job, and becoming successful. Ironically, the actual native peoples of this country are actually the least likely to attain this dream. The largest obstacle they face is lack of proper education. The standard educational practices being used for the instruction of Native American peoples is not effective. There are many pieces to this road-block, and many solutionsRead MoreIssues with Native American Education Essay1528 Words   |  7 PagesEducation has been a topic of controversy for many years now, and will continue to be for years to come. The modern American society is best defined by its education. A good part of the average person’s life is spent at school, going to school, and paying for school. However, even though education is so obviously very important, there are many groups in America that are getting shorted. The Native Americans are a key group that has struggled the most. The largest obstacle they face is lack ofRead More Special Education Implementation For Native American Girls Essay1712 Words   |  7 PagesSpecial Education Implementation For Native American Girls Quality education for children has been an ongoing issue for todays society. There has also been an increasing concern for the education of students with special needs. The effect of these concerns has been noted in many communities, such as the Native American community. The population of special education students in the Native American communities is not necessarily higher than others, however, their community is effectedRead MoreMy People The Sioux And The Lives Of Native Americans Essay1627 Words   |  7 PagesStanding Bear’s account of his life growing up as a Sioux Native American amidst a nation flourishing with change is a powerful and poignant narrative that draws us deeper into the history of The United States. My People the Sioux and the life of Luther Standing Bear are both crucial in examining the positive connotations of Indian Boarding Schools and the use of education to challenge the inferiority complex surrounding Native Americans. Luther Standing Bear was born in December of 1868 and thisRead MoreLiberty And Education For All America, The Land Of Opportunity1531 Words   |  7 PagesLiberty and Education for All America, the land of opportunity. 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The first value I will be analyzing is gender. Gender is a topic that

Management in Non-Profit Organisations-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Management in Non-Profit Organisations. Answer: Background: The previous decades have witnessed an exemplary growth in the number of international Non- Governmental Organizations (NGOs), which have also grown in terms of size and reach. NGOs have been a success in most of the developing countries. These organizations have been highly dependent upon voluntary human and financial resources and have aided in the development of the nations by utilizing millions for the welfare of the community. However, the increase in the size and functions of these organizations has increased the complexities, which demand a proper systematic management. This has given rise to the need of strategic management in NGOs in order to manage the finance and the stakeholders associated with the organizations. Developing strategies for the purpose of positioning the NGOs have has become a complicated task and have threatened the growth and survival of these organizations (Brown, 2014). In order to enhance the knowledge of the important trends in the literature and to find out the gaps in the literature, this report shall offer a systematic literature review on strategic management in NGOs. The following sections shall include the objectives, research questions, and major findings of literature review, key themes and the proposal of a future research agenda. Methodology: The major focus of the literature review is Non- Governmental Organizations that help vulnerable individuals by providing them with human and financial services, which are mainly managed by volunteers. Limitation of space has forced the exclusion of religious organizations, professional organizations, intergovernmental organizations, community- based organizations and treaty based international organizations. Additionally, the researcher has excluded environmental NGOs, governance NGOs, human rights NGOs and peace NGOs. The research has emphasized upon articles related to strategic management in non- governmental organizations and the issues involved in them. The articles have been selected from the year 2013 till date using Google Scholar. The literature search resulted in more than 100 articles on strategic management in non- governmental organizations out of which 20 articles have been chosen for the research purpose. 95% of the articles have mentioned the importance and need of strategic management in NGOs whereas; only 5% of the articles have criticized the need of strategic management in NGOs. The following are a few important aspects on which the research has been based: Relationship of Non- governmental organizations with their donors Relationship of the Non- governmental organizations with the Governments Non- governmental organizations coordination Non- governmental organizations accountability Strategic impact of Non- governmental organizations Objective: The major objective of the systematic literature review is to synthesize the information available regarding the issues and importance of strategic management in Non- governmental organizations. The report emphasizes upon the reasons behind the rapid growth of Non- governmental organizations and the rising need of strategic management for the proper management of the organizational activities. Review Question: The systematic literature review is conducted in order to find an answer to the following questions: What are the issues related to strategic management faced by Non- governmental organizations? Why is the implication of strategic management important in Non- governmental organizations? What is the relationship between organizational performance and strategic management? Strategic management in Non- governmental organizations According to Worth (2013), strategic management refers to the development and implementation of the objectives and goals and the steps taken by the top management of an organization on behalf of the owners while considering the available resources and the internal and external environments. Strategic management provides a proper direction to an organization in accordance with the organizational objectives. The organizational managers are often involved in developing models that shall assist in the strategic decision making. Strategic planning often involves environmental analysis, scenario planning, measuring and controlling implementation and final evaluation. Galaskiewicz (2016) stated that there have been several changes in the working of NGOs in the past few years, which give rise to the importance of strategic management in Non- governmental organizations. The changes in the international politics, new technologies, industrial development and globalization, scarcity of natural resources, changes in the climate and the social and cultural changes have been the most important factors that have given rise to the importance of strategic management in Non- governmental organizations. The third sector comprises of non government and not- for- profit organizations. The NGOs face several issues in the form of lack of funds, lack of support from the donors, inadequate corporate support, lack of professionalism in the management of NGOs and long term sustainability. Strategic management provides solution to all the issues faced by the NGOs. In order to scale up the operations of NGOs, it is necessary to implement strategic management framework w ithin the organizations. Relationship of Non- governmental organizations with their donors: The literature mainly emphasizes upon the relationship of the Non- governmental organizations with the donors, who provide funds to the Non- governmental organizations. Several researchers have argued that there has always been an unequal relationship between the donors and the Non- governmental organizations. According to Renz (2016), non- governmental organizations and donors are interdependent on each other. The NGOs require financial capital while the donors are required to be recognized as effective in the distribution of resources. This is possible only when they ensure that they favor successful organizations. The Non- governmental organizations have faced several issues in the past in terms of international politics however; the NGOs have established their relationships with the international global institutions such as World Trade Organization and the World Bank. The World Trade Organization has motivated the NGOs to take active participation in its policymaking process and in the process of settling disputes with the prime motive of protecting the under developed and developing countries. On the contrary, according to Bryce (2017), the power of the NGOs have been limited while influencing World Trade Organization. However, in the past few years, the influencing power of the NGOs has grown and they have greater impacts on the governments and the international institutions. On the other hand, according to Butler Wilson (2015), despite proliferation, the Non- governmental organizations have limited powers to impact the economic policies of World Bank. However later on, the officials at World Bank had encouraged the government borrowers by accepting Non- governmental organizations as their development partners. The literature mentions the role played by the donors in the growth and development of NGOs. According to Hill, Jones Schilling (2014), the donors provide the NGOs with the basic finance required to survive. Since the NGOs are not involved in any profit- making business, therefore, they are completely dependent upon donors and volunteers. The poverty of the under- developed and developing countries, along with the frustrations of the citizens with the governments led to the growth of NGOs. The NGOs have been involved in several activities such as safeguarding the environment, society and human rights. They play an important role in the development and improvement of the societies and the communities. All these factors led to the expansion and growth of the Non- governmental organizations. Relationship of Non- governmental organizations with the Governments: According to Felcio, Gonalves da Conceio Gonalves (2013), with the rapid growth and development of the Non- governmental organizations across the globe, the NGOs have been involved in large- scale activities due to which their relationships with the governments have become an important aspect. The NGOs often have to deal with the political pressure in some countries with authoritarian rule. The NGOs often challenge the policies of the Governments for the welfare of the society especially the poor sections of the society in order to safeguard their rights. The NGOs usually emphasize upon human rights, equality and environmental issues. On the contrary, according to Maier, Meyer Steinbereithner (2016), the NGOs have been successful in establishing collaborative relationships with the governments in several nations. West (2014) mentioned that the NGOs face immense international pressure in the Middle East for political reform. The Non- governmental organizations have adapted different types of strategies while dealing with the governments of different countries. The major strategies applied by the NGOs involve cooptation, complimentary, cooperation, and confrontation. The NGOs can influence the governments in a better manner by becoming better coordinated and representative. Berman (2015) mentioned the ways in which NGOs can establish sound partnerships with the governments and simultaneously ensure their core values. The literature mentions the issues faced by the Non- governmental organizations due to the government control and restrictions. The government imposes several restrictions over the activities of the NGOs in order to maintain their power and position. However, these restrictions can be reduced or eradicated by establishing partnerships between the Non- governmental organizations and the governments. Non- governmental organizations coordination: According to Akingbola (2013), there has been limited research conducted on NGO coordination however; appropriate emphasis has been laid upon the coordination of the activities and operations. The need for NGO coordination has increased especially in cases of international relief operations. NGO coordination is extremely useful in times of emergencies. The help and assistance of the NGOs during the time of emergencies is very useful. However, there are several coordination issues among the NGOs and also between the NGOs and the governments, which are witnessed during times of emergencies. On the other hand, Almog-Bar Schmid (2014) stated that strategic management is essential for enhancing the NGO coordination. Proper communication and integration are the key elements of NGO coordination. The NGOs are required to scrutinize their effectiveness at regular intervals. It is necessary to emphasize upon acquiring reliable staff with specialized knowledge. The human resources in NGOs are the most important assets who are always ready to assist. Non- governmental organizations accountability The growing power of the Non- governmental organizations often challenge the practices of political forces that comprises of public criticism, operational controls, questioning the legitimacy of the Non- governmental organizations and questions on the accountability of the Non- governmental organizations. Malatesta Smith (2014) has mentioned several techniques for improving the accountability of the Non- governmental organizations. The several shortcomings in terms of accountability of NGOs involve providing greater priority to the donors and lesser priority to the beneficiaries, emphasizing more upon control than collaboration, unrealistic goals and falling prey to huge costs. According to Wheelen Hunger (2017), legitimacy of of Non- governmental organizations is dependent upon their effectiveness in developing strategies for the development of a nation or state. Therefore, international NGOs must be accountable to the communities in the state or nation where they implement their strategies and programs. If the Non- governmental organizations aim at achieving their goals and mission, they need to be more accountable for their actions of bringing reforms. On the other hand, Peppers Rogers (2016) mentioned that the need for NGO accountability has been observed in all directions with the motive of improving the operations and activities of the NGOs. The comprehensive approaches to promote the accountability of NGOs have not yet emerged. However, the NGO accountability is required to empower them to deal with political attacks, enhance their performance, satisfy the stakeholders and provide benchmarks that ensure achievement of the objectives and goals. Conclusion The increase in the complexities of the external environment of the Non- governmental organizations has increased the need of strategic management within the organizations. The NGOs have been involved in several activities such as safeguarding the environment, society and human rights. They play an important role in the development and improvement of the societies and the communities. The changes in the international politics, new technologies, industrial development and globalization, scarcity of natural resources, changes in the climate and the social and cultural changes have been the most important factors that have given rise to the importance of strategic management in Non- governmental organizations. The NGO managers are in need of better analytical tools for identifying and understanding the complexities. The strategic management tools help in managing the relationship of the NGOs with the donors and governments along with enhancing the accountability and coordination. Implem entation of strategic management tools helps the NGOs to improve their overall performance. However, there is still lack of sufficient research and literature on the implementation of strategic management tools for improving the performance of the Non- governmental organizations. References: Akingbola, K. (2013). A model of strategic nonprofit human resource management. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 24(1), 214-240. Almog-Bar, M., Schmid, H. (2014). Advocacy activities of nonprofit human service organizations: A critical review. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 43(1), 11-35. Berman, E. (2015). Performance and productivity in public and nonprofit organizations. Routledge. Brown, W. A. (2014). Strategic management in nonprofit organizations. 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